Using English to classify: the composition of matter
in chemistry
Chemistry
is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure,
properties, and material changes. The chemistry covering topics such as the
nature of atoms, how atoms form chemical bonds to produce chemical compounds,
the interaction of substances through intermolecular force that produces the
common properties of the material, and the interaction between substances
through chemical reactions to form substances different.
Matter
is anything that has mass and volume. Therefore the material has a volume, it
must occupy a certain space. All the things that we can see or we touch, like
the sun, books, water and even our own bodies. The chemistry in the
investigation adan studied the properties of the material changes. The material
in chemistry consists of atoms, elements, molecules, compounds and mixtures.
1. Atom
Atom is the smallest unit of matter
consisting of a nucleus, which contains protons (charged +) and neutrons
(neutral), and skin that contain negative charges, namely electrons. Electrons
contained in the atom to the atom bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic
force. With the style of that atom can bind with other atoms and form a
molecule.
2. Elements
The element is a single chemical substance
can not be broken down into other substances simpler. Examples of hydrogen and
oxygen for types of gas can not be described again become a simpler substance
than if water can be described by two types of electricity into hydrogen and
oxygen gas. Example: carbon, iron, zinc and copper. Elements by its nature can
be divided into 3 types, elements of metal, non-metal elements and semi-metal
element.
3. Molecules
Molecule is a collection of two or more
atoms that are in a particular arrangement that is bound by a chemical bond.
Molecules formed from the two atoms or even more are interrelated with each
other. For example, O2 is on oxygen or on the atom that have
different elements are often called molecular compounds. Examples of H2O
consisting of two H atoms and one O atom These atoms have to deal with the
strong, because the atoms are not covalently will not be considered as a single
molecule.
4. Compound
A compound is a pure chemical substance
consisting of two or more elements that can be broken down again into its
constituent elements by ordinary chemical reaction. The compound resulting from
the merging of two or more elements have specific properties and different from
the nature of its constituent elements. Not only nature, even shape can also be
different. Examples of compounds of the elements oxygen and hydrogen will
generate dihydrogen monoxide or water. Elements of oxygen and hydrogen in
nature is found in the form of gas. But once fused, forming a compound of
water, the liquid form. Under the terms of proficiency level, then know that
the compound has the characteristics and properties of the constituent elements
are somewhat different. The characteristics of the compound are as follows:
a. A
single substance.
b. Formed
from two or more elements of different types with a certain ratio and fixed.
c. Substance
properties vary with the nature - the nature of its constituent elements.
d. The
compound can be decomposed into the elements - elements by chemical means.
5. Mix
The mixture may be homogeneous or
heterogeneous. The mixture is the result of mechanical mixing or blending
chemicals such as elements and compounds, without chemical union or other
chemical changes, so that each substance retains its chemical properties and
characteristics. The characteristics of the mixture are:
a. The
content of the mixture is not present in a fixed ratio. The sea water in some
areas is saltier than others. The amount of carbon dioxide and water vapor in
the air also varies from one place to another
b. There
is no chemical reaction takes place between the content of the mixture. Thus,
the force, which holds the content of the mixture together, weak and,
therefore, the elements can be separated by a simple method. For example, a
mixture of sand and water can be separated easily by filtration.
c. The
content of the mixture retain their original properties. For example, the
ability of air to support combustion is because of oxygen, which is one of the
elements. The chemical properties of salt (sodium chloride) remains the same,
whether it is part of the mix (sea water) or exist by itself.
The mixture can be differentiated into a
mixture of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
a. Homogenous
mixture is a mixture consisting of two or more substances in the same phase.
Sebgai example of a small amount of salt put into the water, the salt will
slowly disappear. The salt has been put water soluble and because of
dissolution of salt, water and salt also form a new substance that has
different properties to the pure substance.
b. Heterogeneous
mixture is a mixture consisting of two or more substances that have a different
phase. An example is the sand that is introduced into the water, this mixture
has a different phase in solid phase where sand and water in the liquid phase.
Source:
what causes a homogeneous solution is mixed whether homogeneous solvent only water alone? Explain
BalasHapusHi ferdi
HapusSolvent is a liquid capable of dissolving another substance that is generally solid form without undergoing a chemical change. In the form of liquids and solids, the individual molecules are bound to each other due to the attractive forces between molecules, the gravitational pull will affect the formation of a solution. If there is a substance dissolved in a solvent, the solute particles will be spread throughout the solvent. This causes the shape of the solute to adjust to the shape of the solvent.
Solution and solubility
The solution formed from a mixture of substances that are homogeneous, wherein the solvent has a component with a higher amount than the solute. A solution with a maximum amount of solute at a given temperature is called a saturated solution. The amount of solute in one liter of a saturated solution at a given temperature is called solubility. When a solute is fed into a solvent, the solute particles would spread throughout the solvent. Ease of solute particles replace solvent molecules depends on the relative strength of the interaction between the solvents, the interaction between the solute-solute, and the interaction between the solvent-solute. If the pull of the solute-solvent stronger than the pull of solvents and pull-dissolved solute, then the dissolution process will take place, the process is called an exothermic reaction. If the solute-solvent interaction is weaker than the interaction of solvents and solutes interactions then this process is called an endothermic reaction.
Aquoeus solvent and Nonaquoeus
In a chemical reaction, not all of the proton transfer reaction takes place in aqueous media. Nonaqueous solvent can be selected for the reaction of molecules easily hydrolyzed, it aims to avoid the even distribution of water and to increase the solubility of the solute in the nonaqueous solvent tersebut.Pelarut often selected based on the level of liquid and a constant dielekriknya. Usually the solvent used to dissolve a substance is water. There are some things that allow solvent other than water is used as a strong base dissolves in water that would create a strong base reacts with water to produce OH-. In liquid ammonia, can be used NH2- ions stronger than the alkaline OH-.
Organic and inorganic solvents
The organic solvent is a solvent that generally contain carbon atoms in the molecule. In an organic solvent, the solute is based on the ability to coordinate and dielectric constant. Organic solvents can be polar and non-polar dependent on the polarity of its group. In the process of solubility in an organic solvent, the reaction generally have been slow so need the energy obtained by heating to optimize solubility conditions. The resulting solution is not an electrical conductor. Examples of organic solvents are alcohols, ethers, esters, ethyl acetate, ketones, and so forth.
Inorganic solvent is a solvent other than water that does not have an organic component in it. In inorganic solvents, solutes associated with system concepts mengautoionisasi solvent capable of such solvents. Normally inorganic solvents are polar solvents that do not dissolve in organic solvents and non-polar. The resulting solution is a good electrical conductor. Examples of inorganic solvents are ammonia, sulfuric acid and chloride sulfuril fluoride.
Solvents in Chemical Reactions
Not all are proton transfer reactions in water medium. Non-water solvent molecules also include hydrolyzed reaction to increase the solubility of the solute. Non-water solvent usually seen from keencerannya, autoionisasinya nature and value of the relative permittivity (εr). So I think there is nothing to distinguish between homogeneous or heterogeneous solvent.
thank you
Ojan hallo, I want to ask, Why are most of the compounds of the transition elements of color? explain
BalasHapusHi melly
HapusTransition metals are a group of chemical elements residing in group 3 to 12 (IB through VIIIB on the old system). The group consists of 38 elements. All transition metal is an element of the block-d, which means that the electron fills up the orbit d. In chemistry, transition metals have two meanings:
The definition of IUPAC defines the transition metal as "an element that has an incomplete d subshell full or can form cations with incomplete d subshell full"
Most scientists define "transition metal" as all the elements that are on the block - '' d '' on the periodic table (all metals) that includes group 3 to 12 on the periodic table. In fact, row-f block lanthanides and actinides are also often considered as transition metals and so-called "transition metals inside".
There are several characteristics shared by transition elements that are not owned by other elements, which is caused by being filled in part of the subshell d. Among others are:
• formation of compounds that color is caused by electron transition d-d
• formation of compounds with a lot of oxidation numbers, due to the relatively low reactivity in electron subshell d unpaired
• the establishment of several paramagnetic compounds due to the presence of electron subshells unpaired d. Some compounds of main group elements also are paramagnetic (such as nitrous oxide and oxygen).
The colors on the transition metal-containing compound is generally caused by the transition of electrons in two types:
• charge transfer complex. An electron can jump from orbit to orbit ligand metal, forming ligant to metal charge transfer (LMCT). It can be seen easily when the metal was in high oxidation states. For example, the color of the chromate ion, dichromate, and permanganate are of this type. Other conton is the mercury (II) iodide red larena LMCT transition.
Transition metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) occurs when a metal in a low oxidation number so that the ligand easily reduced.
• d-d transition. An electron jumps dadi one orbit d to orbit another. In the complex transition metal compounds, antarorbit d does not have the same energy level. The pattern of orbit separation d can be calculated using crystal field theory. The degree of separation depends on the type of metal, the oxidation number, and the nature of the ligand. The actual energy level diagram shows Tanabe-Sugano.
In centrosymmetric complexes, such as octahedral, d-d transition breaking the rules Laporte and only happened because of the incorporation of molecular vibrations vibronik which coincided with the transition d-d. Tetrahedral complexes have a fairly bright color due to a combination subshell d and p is possible if there is no center of symmetry, so that the transition is not pure d-d.
Thank You
What the reaction is going on in the mixture??
BalasHapusH heni
HapusReactions that may occur is a precipitation reaction. Precipitation reaction is a kind of reaction that can take place in a fluid, such as water. A reaction can be said of the reaction when the precipitation reaction produces a precipitate. The precipitated solids are not soluble in the liquid. The compounds are often used in the precipitation reaction is ionic compounds. Formation of deposits or not a reaction, it depends on the solubility of the solute, which is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a certain amount of solvent at a specific temperature. In this case the substance could be divided, that is soluble, sparingly soluble or insoluble takdapat. if a water-soluble substance then including soluble, if not insoluble in water then included slightly soluble or insoluble. All ionic compounds are strong electrolytes, but not the same solubility.
Solubility is defined as the concentration of dissolved material in a saturated solution at a given temperature. Solution as a homogeneous mixture of different materials. To distinguish between the solution of gases, liquids and solids in liquids. Besides, there is a solution in the solid state. The solubility defined in quantitative magnitude as the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a given temperature, and qualitatively defined as spontaneous interaction of two or more substances to form a homogeneous molecular dispersion. The solution is expressed in milli liters of solvent that can dissolve one gram of the substance. For example, 1 gram of salicylic acid is dissolved in 500 ml of water. The solubility can also be expressed in terms of molality, molarity and percent.
thank you
Elements of oxygen and hydrogen in nature is found in the form of gas. But once fused, forming a compound of water, the liquid form.
BalasHapuswhy did it happen? explain
Hi inggi
HapusWater has the chemical formula H2O, means that a water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. In standard conditions, namely at a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of 0 ° C water is colorless, tasteless and odorless.
Water is often referred to as the universal solvent because water dissolves many chemicals. Water is in dynamic equilibrium between solid and liquid phase under standard temperature and pressure. In the form of ions, water can be described as a hydrogen ion (H+) in association (binding) with a hydroxide ion (OH-).
The process of formation of water molecules in nature teryata very difficult. If there are a number of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen which is a constituent component of water molecules with a certain ratio in a glass vessel with a period of very long, hundreds and even thousands of years, it is not necessarily the atoms will immediately react to form water molecules, even if formed , then there would be more than a handful at the bottom of the container and that too will happen very slowly. That's because the temperature factor that does not support, which at room temperature between oxygen and hydrogen is very slow to react.
In a free state, Oxygen and Hydrogen is found as H2 and O2 molecules. To be able to combine to form a water molecule H2O then they must collide, so that the bonds that make up each of the hydrogen and oxygen molecules weaken, consequently there is no hindrance for the combination of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms form a water molecule H2O. High temperatures will berpengruh to the speed of the reaction between Hydrogen and Oxygen molecules. With high temperatures will increase energy, as well as the speed of the molecules move faster, causing an increase in the number of collisions between molecules. The result of all this, the reaction is running faster and faster, forming what is called a water molecule.
At present, there is no longer a temperature high enough to form water on Earth's surface. The heat required for the formation of water initially supplied during the formation of the earth, which eventually led to much water as to cover three-quarters of Earth's surface. Water is no longer the new formed, but what happens is the water that is in the earth's surface evaporates then up to atomosfir, then became cold and finally back to earth in the form of rain.
thank you
Jan , whether all the material is composed of atoms and molecules? Give me example please
BalasHapusHi demi
HapusYes, in my opinion every material in nature is composed of atoms. This is in accordance with the views expressed by Dalton. him, say that "every material is divided into the smallest particles called" atoms. For example, wood, wood inside one of them contained the cellulose. Where in the cellulose contained carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. It can be concluded that all matter contains atoms.
Thank You
What is the difference between suspension and colloid? And give me example in everyday life
BalasHapusHi desi
HapusA colloid is a substance that microscopic particles dispersed in the medium, but not dissolved in it. If left undisturbed, scattered particles will not form a precipitate. Pumice can be an example of a colloid which is dispersed airborne particles in solid rock.
Emulsions are a type of fluid, refers to microscopic particles dispersed liquid in another liquid. Milk can be an example of the emulsion of milk fat particles dispersed in water dispersing medium.
Similar to the colloidal suspension except that the dispersed particles tend to be larger and will eventually form a precipitate. The sand in the water could be an example of a suspension, if shaken-shake the sand will dissolve in water, but if left unchecked it will settle to the bottom.
Differences colloids and suspension are:
Colloid:
• Colloidal apparently homogeneous, but is actually a heterogeneous mixture.
• In colloids, particles can be seen only with a microscope.
• In the colloidal particle size between 10^-7 to 10^-9 m.
• Constituents or colloidal content can not be separated by filtration.
suspension:
• Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of solids dispersed in a liquid or gas.
• In the suspension, the particles can be seen with the naked eye.
• In the suspension, the particle size or larger than 10^-7 m.
• Constituents or content of the suspension can be separated by ordinary filtration.
Thank you
Metal material for the board can conduct heat.
BalasHapusWhy metal is so?explain!
Hi Dina
HapusElectric iron is heated tool used to smooth / soften garments that can be worn neatly, usually after being washed and dried. Hot section of iron were originally made of iron so that there is a problem with cleanliness due to rust on iron. The result of the repairs, at this time, the heating section is made of aluminum or stainless steel. Heat from the modern iron is controlled by a thermostat whose function is to control the relatively constant temperature according to need, the type of fabric and the degree of fineness of the results of the iron. The heating element is an element that will generate heat when electrified. Of the heating element is the source of the heat energy generated. Alas iron is iron parts that will come into contact with the fabric is ironed. Iron pedestal made of stainless material such as aluminum, stainless steel or minimal with layers of materials corrosion resistant and non-stick (Teflon) that are not easily soiled and fouled fabric is ironed. Iron ballast, ballast is usually made of iron, and as the name suggests, its function as ballast iron in order to facilitate the use.
Metal is a material that has the properties of a hard and shiny, and resistant to very high temperatures. Metals also can conduct heat well, so that the metal including the conductor material. Some types of metal that is able to conduct heat well are iron, steel, aluminum, copper, brass, and nickel.
Thermal conductivity caused by the electrons can move freely. when certain parts are heated, the electrons in the metal parts will receive a certain amount of energy so that energy and movement kinetisnya grow faster. Electrons moving quickly ceded some of that energy to another electron kinetisya so that all parts of the metal becomes hot and the temperature rises.
Thank You