Explanation about Petroleum

Petroleum is the main fuel source found beneath the earth's surface. Petroleum is composed of various acid hydrocarbons, but the main components are alkanes and cycloalkanes. The formation and management of petroleum

1. petroleum formation process

Petroleum is formed from the remains of small animal fossils (Plankton) in the sea millions of years ago. When the animal dies, its carcass will fall to the bottom of the sea and trapped in mud and sand. For millions of years, the carcass of animals will decay to form fossils and buried in the seabed. The fossil contains a carbon compound.

2. how to manage petroleum

Petroleum is located on the seafloor and is covered by layers of rock and soil. Here are the stages of activities undertaken to manage petroleum from the seafloor into useful materials.

A. Exploration process

The first step to obtain petroleum is exploration, namely the search for areas containing petroleum and oil reserves forecasts. The information can be obtained by making topographic maps of the shooting from the air. The next investigation is a geophysical investigation known as seismic activity. The ahl made a little eartquick underground.

B. Exploitation process

After the location is estimated to contain known petroleum, the next step is to carry out exploitation activities, which is a series of activities to take the petroleum to be processed. The main activity of exploitation is drilling. Drilling can be done offshore and at sea, depending on the location of the source of oil reserves.

Drilling of petroleum sources will produce petroleum in the form of crude oil, the black viscous liquid. The unripe oil is a mixture containing hundreds of hydrocarbon compounds, eg alkanes, alkenes, alkyms, aromatics and naphthalene compounds.

C. The process of separating the components contained in petroleum

The components of crude oil should be separated according to their boiling point in order to be used for various purposes. The method used is multilevel distillation. The method is based on crude oil content consisting of various hydrocarbon compounds, eg alkanes, aromatics, naphthalene, alkenes, and alkynes.

Crude oil is first heated to a temperature of about five hundred until six hundred ºC. The heating of crude oil is carried out in a heater (boiler) using high pressure water vapor. The heating product in the form of oil vapor is flowed to the bottom of the distillation tower. Furthermore, the oil vapor will move through the plates contained in the tower. When it reaches a certain temperature at its boiling point, the crude oil vapor will turn into a liquid. The change of water vapor (gas) to a liquid is called a condensation. Condensed liquid is called an oil fraction.

D. The process of changing the fraction of petroleum

The most requested petroleum fraction of the market is the gasoline fraction. However, the composition of the gasoline fraction in crude oil is only about twelve%. To improve the quality of petroleum fraction so that the composition of gasoline increases, can be done conversion or conversion process. The purpose of the process is to change the structure of a fraction into a desired fractional structure. These types of conversion processes include cracking, reforming, alkylation and cooking.

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